LIKELY EXAMINATION: LANGUAGE AND LITERACY THEORY

ATEBUBU COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES

GHANAIAN LANGUAGE UNIT

LIKELY EXAMINATION: THEORY SECTION B

1. Explain the general term “language policy”

Ans

a. Is a legal backing given to a language(s) to be used for specific purposes such as educational, administrative, business etc.

b. Is a language or languages that have been elevated to be used for special purposes

c. Is what a government does either officially through legislation to determine how a particular or certain languages should be used.

2. What is the key difference between language policy and educational language policy.

Ans

Language policy is a term given to any language(s) that have been given a legal backing for specific purposes. Eg. Business, administrative and educational while educational language policy is language(s) accepted for teaching and learning or classroom communication.

3. How would you explain the term ' First language'?

ii) State any two other terms for First Language

Ans

i. The language the child first encounters

ii. The language a child learn from birth

iii. The language of the child’s parents

iv. The language spoken in the child’s immediate environment

v. The language the child is more competent and efficient in its usage

vi. The language the child is well versed in and therefore can speak freely and fluently.

OTHER TERMS FOR FIRST LANGUAGE:

a. Native language

b. Home language

c. Mother tongue

d. Heritage language

e. Primary language.

B) i)Explain 'Second language'?

ii) State two other terms for 'Second language '

Ans

i. A second language or L2 is a language that is not the native language of the speaker, but is learned later.

ii. Any other language (other than L 1) learned or acquired is known as the second language.

iii. A language that a person or a learner is not familiar with but makes conscious effort to learn

iv. A language that a learner takes time to learn with the view to gaining mastery

ii)OTHER TERMS FOR SECOND LANGUAGE

a. Foreign Language

b. Target Language

4. State any 2 reasons why language policy is important in the early years of schooling.

Ans

i. Understanding of concepts taught during the early childhood education level of education is critical for their future academic endeavours hence the relevance of appropriate language policy.

ii. It makes the child confidence in dealing with educational concepts

5. State any 3 factors that can affect the proper implementation of language policy and explain any one in your own words.

Ans

i. Lack of political will

ii. Education Stakeholders’ language preference

iii. Inadequate Public Education

iv. Donors’ Conditionality.

6. Write 3 importance of heritage language in education in your own words

Ans

i. It promotes understanding of concepts taught

ii. Learners can freely participate in teaching and learning

iii. It reduces attrition in early primary level of schooling

iv. It makes learners feel confidence in themselves.

v. It keeps students in school by so doing reduce absenteeism

7. Explain 'appropriate language policy' in your own words.

Ans

= Appropriate language policy of education is the language that promotes and enhances learners’ comprehension of concepts.

8. Explain any 2 benefits derived from appropriate language policy of education of the following.

A) learner

B) Teacher.

LEARNER

Ans

i. It fosters understanding of teaching and learning

ii. It leads to massive educational success in that more learners will be successful in their education.

iii. It increases the participation of learning the teaching and learning process

iv. It can serve as a support for maintenance of heritage language and culture.

v. It can also broaden or expand learners’ horizon in bilingual education.

TEACHER

i. It eases instruction

ii. It fosters rapport between the teacher and the learners

iii. It improves the psycho-social classroom environment.

9. State and explain any 2 reason why some language are chosen over other in multilingual societies

Ans

i. Language that have more developed in terms of terminology, standard orthography, more academic literature and other resources relevant in education.

ii. Language or languages that have more speakers per the population of the nation have high tendency of being chosen for language of education.

iii. Language that projected beyond their original speech community or territorial zone

iv. Language that could boast the prestigious elite dedicated to in vesting and working on their languages.

10. State the models of stakeholders’ participation in language policy and explain one of them in your own words. 

Ans

i. Public discourse

ii. Public texts

iii. Performative action

iv. Deliberative process

11. Explain the following terminologies as discussed in this session 

a. Biliteracy

b. Bilingualism

c. Multilingual

Ans

i. Biliteracy is the ability to read and write in two languages

ii. Bilingualism is ability to speak two languages

iii. Multilingual is a person who can speak more than two languages

12. Explain Sequential bilingual education in your own words. 

Ans

Sequential bilingual education is where a child acquires a first language, before learning the second language.

13. What is the difference between early and late sequential types of bilingualism.

Ans

Early sequential bilingualism occurs where the child learns the L2 between four and six years while the late occurs at upper primary or early adolescence

14. What is simultaneous bilingual education? 

Ans

Simultaneous bilingual education is where the learners learns both the L 1 and the L2 at the same time.

15. State any 2 positive impact of additive bilingualism. 

Ans

i. It promotes bilingualism and biliteracy

ii. It provides substantial support for the learner to maintain his / her L1

16. Explain the following in your own words 

a. Additive bilingualism

b. Subtractive bilingualism

Ans

i. Additive bilingualism is a situation where a learner’s first language continues to be maintained while he / her is learning a second language L2.

ii. Subtractive bilingualism is where a learner learns a second language L2 at the expense of their first language.

17. State any 2 negative effects of subtractive bilingualism. 

Ans

i. Learners can lose their L1.

ii. It can lead to undermining children’s self –esteem

iii. The learners may lose their sense of cultural identity

iv. Learners may lose their sense of patriotism.

18. Why do you think a typical Mother Tongue only MoI is not suitable for Ghana

Ans

i. Learners would not get the global exposure

ii. Learners would be restricted linguistically.

iii. Ghanaians cannot further their education elsewhere apart from Ghana

iv. They will remain in one environment due to linguistic barrier.

19. State the key different between the early-exit and late-exit form of the transitional bilingual MoI 

Ans

The key difference between the early-exit and late-exit form of the transitional bilingual MoI is the exit year. For example the early exit cannot go beyond 3 years while the late-exit is beyond 5 years.

20. State any 5 importance that Ghanaian can derive from the effective implementation of MTB-BMoI. 

Ans

i. It helps bridge the linguistic gap between the home and the school.

ii. It facilitates understanding hence making learning easier

iii. It encourages active learner participation

iv. It minimizes rote learning

v. It strengthens their affective domain which involves self-confidence, self-esteem.

vi. It increases motivation and initiative

vii. It serves as a transitional bridge linking the known to the unknown.

21. State any 3 reasons why Mother Tongue is crucial in the education of young learner

Ans

i. It serves as a linguistic bridge to learning the L2 which in Ghana is the English Language.

ii. It enhances young learner’s cognitive development

iii. It facilities the learning of L 2

iv. Lt serves as a springboard to the learning of other languages

v. It facilities the acquisition of basic literacy and numeracy skills

22. Explain 2 effects of the language policy used by the castle schools in your own words 

Ans

i. The tendency of learners forgetting their heritage language was high.

ii. Learner may disregard their linguistic background and therefore, disassociate themselves from their natives.

iii. The tendency of the recipients of the castle schools education suffering  “internationalized oppression” was high

iv. Learners may lose their cultural identity since culture is embedded in language.

23. Explain any 3 way or strategies we can use to combat the problems that militate against the smooth implementation of MTB-BMoI. 

Ans

i. Training more Ghanaian language teachers at the higher level.

ii. There should be enough supply of teaching and learning resources.

iii. Teachers and students should be encouraged and motivated to innovate and produce TLMs locally.

iv. The sensitization programmes of the MTB-BMoI should be intensified so that more people would appreciate its usage.

v. Teachers, especially ECE / Lower class teachers should be equipped with bilinguals instruction and be posted to areas that they could read and write the approved L 1 used in education.

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